Ontology of autoimmune diseases
type: Ontology
version info: 0.3
comment: This ontology provides information about particular (most common) autoimmune diseases. It extends the AD-RDFSOntology that has been presented in ICCCI 2018. What is new in this ontology? - disjointness - inverse properties - new class System with all of the subclasses - new object property influences (Disease influences System) - different individuals - existential restriction for semantics expressions (5 definable classes) - labels are added also for classes

Autoimmune disease
type: Class
subclass of: Immune disease

Biomedical system
type: Class
subclass of: System

Bladder symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Bowel symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Breathing symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Cause
type: Class

Characteristic
type: Class

Derma
type: Class
subclass of: Biomedical system

Dermatologic autoimmune disease
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Local immune disease
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: influences
    some values from: Derma

Disease
type: Class

Disease modifying antirheumatic drug
type: Class
subclass of: Medication

Endocrine system
type: Class
subclass of: Biomedical system

Endocrinological autoimmune disease
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Local immune disease
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: influences
    some values from: Endocrine system

Eye symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Eye system
type: Class
subclass of: Biomedical system

Hematologic autoimmune disease
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Local immune disease
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: influences
    some values from: Hematological system

Hematological system
type: Class
subclass of: Biomedical system

Hormone-based symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Immune disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease

Immuno suppressive drug
type: Class
subclass of: Medication

Local immune disease
type: Class
subclass of: Autoimmune disease
synonym: Multisystem autoimmune disease
synonym: Organ specific autoimmune disease

Medication
type: Class

Mental symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Muscle symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Nerve symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Nervous system
type: Class
subclass of: Biomedical system

Neurological autoimmune disease
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Local immune disease
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: influences
    some values from: Nervous system

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
type: Class
subclass of: Medication

Ocular autoimmune disease
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Local immune disease
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: influences
    some values from: Eye system

Organ localised autoimmune disease
type: Class
subclass of: Autoimmune disease

Prevention
type: Class

Skin symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Swallowing symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom

Symptom
type: Class

System
type: Class

Systemic autoimmune disease
type: Class
subclass of: Autoimmune disease
synonym: Organ non-specific autoimmune disease

Test
type: Class

AIDS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immune disease

Abdominal pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Abdominal X-ray
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Abnormal hearth rhythms
type: NamedIndividual
type: Breathing symptom

Addison's disease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Endocrinological autoimmune disease
has cause: Damage of adrenal cortex
has cause: Infection
has cause: Low production of hormones by adrenal cortex
has cause: Tumor
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Chronic diarrhea
has symptom: Darkening of skin
has symptom: Dehydration
has symptom: Fatigue
has symptom: Nausea
has symptom: Paleness
has symptom: Salt craving
has symptom: Vomiting
has symptom: Weight loss
is diagnosed by: Abdominal X-ray
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is diagnosed by: Magnetic resonance
is treated by: Corticosteroid
is treated by: Hydrocortisone
see also explanation: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/dxc-20155757
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000378.htm
see also image: http://www.physio-pedia.com/Addison's_Disease_Case_Study
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Adrenocortical hypofunction
synonym: Primary adrenal insufficiency
comment: Addison's disease is the autoimmune disorder of the adrenal gland where their cortex is not working correctly. Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones.

Alcohol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Aminosalicylates
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Antithyroid drug
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Artificial tears
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Assistive devices
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Presence of autoantibodies in blood
type: NamedIndividual
type: Characteristic

Autoimmune problem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Azathioprine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immuno suppressive drug

Being hungry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bowel symptom

Being thirsty
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bowel symptom

Beta-blocker
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Biological treatment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Biopsy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Blood test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Blood transfusion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Blurry eyesight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Bone density
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Presence of C-reactive protein in blood
type: NamedIndividual
type: Characteristic
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003356.htm
comment: C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver. The level of CRP rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. It is one of a group of proteins called "acute phase reactants" that go up in response to inflammation.

CT scanning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Calcium
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Cannabis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Celecoxib
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

Celiac disease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organ localised autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Abdominal pain
has symptom: Depression
has symptom: Hair loss
has symptom: Lactose intolerance
has symptom: Missed menstrual period
has symptom: Nausea
has symptom: Short height
has symptom: Vomiting
has symptom: Weight loss
is characterised by: Bone density
is diagnosed by: Cholesterol-based test
is diagnosed by: Genetic test
is diagnosed by: Iron level test
is diagnosed by: Vitamin B12-based test
is diagnosed by: Vitamin D-based test
is treated by: Gluten-free diet
occurs with: Addison's disease
occurs with: Down syndrome
occurs with: Fatigue
occurs with: Growth delay in children
occurs with: Rheumatoid arthritis
occurs with: Sjögren´s syndrome
occurs with: Systemic lupus erythematosus
occurs with: Type 1 diabetes mellitus
see also explanation: http://www.celiac.ca/
see also explanation: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/celiac-disease/celiac-disease
see also explanation: https://celiac.org/
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000233.htm
see also image: http://www.mcvitamins.com/celiac-disease.htm
see also image: http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v301/n2/box/scientificamerican0809-54_BX3.html
see also image: http://www.orlandogidoc.com/celiac-disease.php
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Gluten-free diet celiac disease
synonym: Sprue
comment: Celiac disease is a medical condition in which the absorptive surface of the small intestine is damaged by a substance called gluten. This results in an inability of the body to absorb nutrients: protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, which are necessary for good health. The disease can develop at any point in life, from infancy to late adulthood. People who have a family member with celiac disease are at greater risk of developing the disease. The disorder is most common in Caucasians and persons of European ancestry. Women are affected more often than men.

Changes in nails
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Checking of blood pressure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Chemical cause
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Chest pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Cholesterol-based test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Chronic diarrhea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bowel symptom

Ciclosporin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immuno suppressive drug

Colonoscopy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Complete blood count test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Constipation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bowel symptom

Corticoid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication
comment: Side effects: obesity, high blood preasure, changes in behaviour, osteoporosis

Corticosteroid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Crohn disease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organ localised autoimmune disease
has cause: Inflammation of the digestive tract
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Constipation
has symptom: Decreased appetite
has symptom: Fatigue
has symptom: Fever
has symptom: Joint pain
has symptom: Swelling in eyes
has symptom: Weight loss
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is diagnosed by: Colonoscopy
is diagnosed by: Complete blood count test
is diagnosed by: Enteroscopy
is diagnosed by: Liver blood test
is diagnosed by: Low albumin test
is diagnosed by: Magnetic resonance
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is diagnosed by: Sigmoidoscopy
is treated by: Aminosalicylates
is treated by: Calcium
is treated by: Corticoid
is treated by: Healthy diet
is treated by: Vitamin B12
see also explanation: http://www.ccfa.org/what-are-crohns-and-colitis/what-is-crohns-disease/
see also explanation: http://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000249.htm
see also image: http://nashvillecoloncleansecolonic.com/lower-gi-issues/crohns-disease
see also image: http://qsota.com/crohns-disease/
see also image: http://www.medicinenet.com/crohns_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.htm
see also video: https://www.crohnsandcolitis.com/crohns
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Ileitis
comment: Crohn disease is a disease where parts of the digestive tract become inflamed. Crohn’s most commonly affects the end of the small bowel (the ileum) and the beginning of the colon, but it may affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the anus. Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon, also called the large intestine. Men and Women are equally likely to be affected, and while the disease can occur at any age, Crohn's is more prevalent among adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 and 35.

Cyclophosphamide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immuno suppressive drug

Daily homecare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Damage of adrenal cortex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Damage of the myelin sheath
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Dark glasses
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Dark spots in vision
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Darkening of skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Decreased appetite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Dehydration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Depression
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Difficulties during breathing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Breathing symptom

Difficulties during moving
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Difficulties during swallowing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Swallowing symptom

Difficulties during talking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Difficulties during urination
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bladder symptom

Difficulties in concentration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Double vision
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Down syndrome
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease

Drug
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Dry air
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Dry cough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Breathing symptom

Dry eyes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Dry mouth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Dry skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Echocardiogram
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Electrocardiogram
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Electromyography
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Enbrel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease modifying antirheumatic drug

Enteroscopy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Examination of eyes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Exercise
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Eye burning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Eye drop
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Eye exam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Eye pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Facial pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Facial paralysis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Fatigue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Fever
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Frequent bowel movements
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bowel symptom

Frequent need to urinate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bladder symptom

Fruity breath odor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Breathing symptom

Gene defect
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Genetic defect within red cells
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Genetic test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Gluten-free diet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Granuloma formation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Greaves-Basedow disease
type: NamedIndividual
type: Endocrinological autoimmune disease
has cause: Thyroid hormone
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Abnormal hearth rhythms
has symptom: Chest pain
has symptom: Fatigue
has symptom: Frequent bowel movements
has symptom: Hair loss
has symptom: Increased appetite
has symptom: Memory loss
has symptom: Moodiness
has symptom: Nervousness
has symptom: Shortness of breath
has symptom: Weakness
is diagnosed by: Blood test
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is diagnosed by: Radioactive iodine uptake
is diagnosed by: Ultrasound
is treated by: Antithyroid drug
is treated by: Beta-blocker
is treated by: Radioiodine therapy
is treated by: Surgery
see also explanation: http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/graves-disease/graves-disease-overview
see also explanation: http://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-graves-disease-basics
see also image: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/graves-disease
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Exorbitism - Graves
synonym: Ophthalmopathy - Graves
comment: Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). Graves’ disease is named for the doctor who first described it in Ireland—Robert J. Graves. He noticed it in a patient in 1835. The disease is also referred to as Basedow’s disease—named after a German, Karl Adolph van Basedow, who described the disease in 1840. He didn’t know that Graves had described the same disease just a few years earlier. The term Basedow’s disease is more commonly used in continental Europe; in the United States, it’s called Graves’ disease.
comment: Graves’ disease is a type of autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone which is called hyperthyroidism. Graves’ disease is often the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism.

Growth delay in children
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Haemorrhage into adrenal glands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Hair loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Headache
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Healthy diet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Healthy eating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Hearth muscle test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Hemolytic anemia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Hematologic autoimmune disease
has cause: Autoimmune problem
has cause: Chemical cause
has cause: Drug
has cause: Genetic defect within red cells
has cause: Infection
has cause: Insufficient amount of red blood cells
has cause: Toxin
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Difficulties in concentration
has symptom: Headache
has symptom: Paleness
has symptom: Shortness of breath
has symptom: Sores on tongue
has symptom: Weakness
is diagnosed by: Complete blood count test
is treated by: Blood transfusion
is treated by: Iron supplement
see also explanation: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201066-overview
see also explanation: http://www.healthline.com/health/hemolytic-anemia
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000571.htm
see also video: http://www.phaonlineuniv.org/Journal/Article.cfm
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. Normally, red blood cells last for about 120 days in the body. In hemolytic anemia, red blood cells in the blood are destroyed earlier than normal.

High blood sugar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Hormone-based symptom
synonym: Hyperglycemia

Hoarseness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Humira
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease modifying antirheumatic drug

Hydrocortisone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Ibuprofen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

Increased appetite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Infection
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Inflammation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Inflammation of the digestive tract
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Injury to skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Insufficient amount of insulin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Hormone-based symptom

Insufficient amount of red blood cells
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Insulin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Iron level test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Iron supplement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Irregular menstrual periods
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Itching eyes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Itchy skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Joint pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Ketone testing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test
comment: The ketone test is done using a urine sample or blood sample, e. g. in case of diabetes verification.

Lactose intolerance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Liver blood test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Local scleroderma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dermatologic autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Hair loss
has symptom: Sores on fingertips
has symptom: Sores on toes
has symptom: Stiffness of skin
has symptom: Swelling of fingers
has symptom: Swelling of joints
has symptom: Tightnesss of skin
has symptom: White lumps beneath skin
is characterised by: Presence of rheumatoid factor
is diagnosed by: Biopsy
is diagnosed by: Blood test
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is diagnosed by: Checking of blood pressure
is diagnosed by: Echocardiogram
is diagnosed by: Electrocardiogram
is diagnosed by: Hearth muscle test
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is diagnosed by: Scleroderma antibody testing
is diagnosed by: Urine test
is diagnosed by: X-ray of chest
is treated by: Corticosteroid
is treated by: Methotrexate
see also explanation: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331864-overview
see also explanation: http://www.scleroderma.org/site/PageNavigator/patients_whatis.html#.V9qfGTXRyao
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000429.htm
see also image: http://healthlifemedia.com/healthy/what-is-scleroderma/
see also image: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lecture-14-scleroderma/deck/9197251
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: Often affects only the skin on the hands and face. It develops slowly, and rarely spreads in the body or causes serious problems.

Loss of balance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nerve symptom

Loss of sense of taste
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Low albumin test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Low blood sugar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Hormone-based symptom
synonym: Hypoglycemia

Low production of hormones by adrenal cortex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Lumbar puncture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Magnetic resonance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Memory loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Methotrexate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease modifying antirheumatic drug

Missed menstrual period
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Mofetil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Moisturizer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Moodiness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Mouth sores
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Multiple sclerosis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Neurological autoimmune disease
has cause: Damage of the myelin sheath
has cause: Gene defect
has cause: Inflammation
has cause: Virus
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Constipation
has symptom: Depression
has symptom: Difficulties during moving
has symptom: Difficulties during swallowing
has symptom: Difficulties during urination
has symptom: Double vision
has symptom: Facial pain
has symptom: Frequent need to urinate
has symptom: Loss of balance
has symptom: Memory loss
has symptom: Muscle spasm
has symptom: Problems with coordination
has symptom: Vision loss
has symptom: Weakness in arms
has symptom: Weakness in legs
has symptom: Weakness of voluntary muscles
is diagnosed by: Blood test
is diagnosed by: Lumbar puncture
is diagnosed by: Magnetic resonance
is diagnosed by: Nerve function study
is treated by: Assistive devices
is treated by: Cannabis
is treated by: Exercise
is treated by: Physical therapy
is treated by: Speech therapy
is treated by: Steroid
is treated by: Vitamin D
see also explanation: http://www.healthline.com/health/multiple-sclerosis
see also explanation: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/multiple-sclerosis-ms
see also image: http://www.miridiatech.com/news/2011/03/multiple-sclerosis-and-acupuncture/
see also image: https://docireport.org/2013/08/06/multiple-sclerosis/
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Demyelinating disease
comment: Multiple sclerosis affects the brain and spinal cord. The immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause the nerves themselves to deteriorate or become permanently damaged. Multiple sclerosis isn’t hereditary, but having a parent or sibling with the multiple sclerosis raises your risk slightly. Genetics may play a role. Scientists have identified some genes that seem to increase susceptibility to developing the multiple sclerosis. Researchers think there could be an environmental trigger such as a virus or toxin that sets off the immune system attack. It’s almost impossible to predict how the multiple sclerosis will progress in any one person. The disease generally progresses faster in men than in women. It may also progress faster in those who receive a diagnosis after age 40 and in those who have a high relapse rate.

Muscle spasm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Muscle symptom

Myasthenia gravis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Neurological autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Difficulties during breathing
has symptom: Difficulties during swallowing
has symptom: Difficulties during talking
has symptom: Double vision
has symptom: Facial paralysis
has symptom: Fatigue
has symptom: Weakness of voluntary muscles
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is diagnosed by: Electromyography
is diagnosed by: Magnetic resonance
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is diagnosed by: Pulmonary function test
is treated by: Ciclosporin
is treated by: Mofetil
is treated by: Mycophenolate
is treated by: Neostigmine
is treated by: Prednisone
is treated by: Pyridostigmine
see also explanation: http://www.healthline.com/health/myasthenia-gravis
see also explanation: http://www.myasthenia.org/
see also image: http://www.anejo.eu/myasthenia-gravis/
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: Myasthenia Gravis (MG) means "grave muscular weakness." The most common form of MG is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by fluctuating weakness of the voluntary muscle groups. The prevalence of MG in the United States is estimated to be about 20/100 000 population. However, MG is probably under diagnosed and the prevalence may be higher. Myasthenia Gravis occurs in all races, both genders, and at any age. MG is not thought to be directly inherited nor is it contagious. It does occasionally occur in more than one member of the same family.

Mycophenolate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Immuno suppressive drug

Naproxen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

Nausea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Neostigmine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication
comment: This drug improve communication between nerves and muscles.

Nerve function study
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Nervousness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Nodules under sking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Nose bleed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Numbness in feet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nerve symptom

Paleness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Phototherapy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication
comment: It is a way of treatment where the ultraviolet light is used as a medication, e. g. in case of psoriasis autoimmune disease.

Physical exam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Physical therapy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Pink-red colour of skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Prednisone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Presence of rheumatoid factor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Characteristic

Problems with coordination
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Problems with speaking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Psoriasis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dermatologic autoimmune disease
has cause: Alcohol
has cause: Dry air
has cause: Dry skin
has cause: Infection
has cause: Injury to skin
has cause: Stress
has cause: Too little sunlight
has cause: Too much sunlight
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Changes in nails
has symptom: Dry skin
has symptom: Itchy skin
has symptom: Joint pain
has symptom: Pink-red colour of skin
has symptom: Raised skin
is diagnosed by: Biopsy
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is treated by: Ciclosporin
is treated by: Daily homecare
is treated by: Methotrexate
is treated by: Moisturizer
is treated by: Phototherapy
is treated by: Skin creams
is treated by: Vitamin A
is treated by: Vitamin D
see also explanation: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/psoriasis/understanding-psoriasis-basics
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000434.htm
see also image: http://www.huidziekten.nl/zakboek/dermatosen/ptxt/Psoriasis.htm
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Guttate psoriasis
synonym: Psoriasis vulgaris
comment: Psoriasis is a very common autoimmune diseas. It is a skin condition that causes skin redness and irritation. Most people with psoriasis have thick, red skin with flaky, silver-white patches called scales. Anyone can develop it, but it most often begins between ages 15 to 35. Psoriasis isn't contagious. This means it doesn't spread to other people. Psoriasis seems to be passed down through families. Health care providers think it may be an autoimmune condition.

Pulmonary function test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Pyridostigmine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication
comment: This drug improve communication between nerves and muscles.

Radioactive iodine uptake
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Radioiodine therapy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Raised skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Rapid breathing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Breathing symptom

Remicaide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease modifying antirheumatic drug

Rheumatoid arthritis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Systemic autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Chest pain
has symptom: Dry eyes
has symptom: Dry mouth
has symptom: Eye burning
has symptom: Joint pain
has symptom: Nodules under sking
has symptom: Sleep difficulty
is characterised by: Presence of autoantibodies in blood
is characterised by: Presence of C-reactive protein in blood
is treated by: Biological treatment
is treated by: Celecoxib
is treated by: Corticoid
is treated by: Ibuprofen
is treated by: Methotrexate
is treated by: Naproxen
see also explanation: http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/rheumatic_disease/rheumatoid_arthritis_ff.asp
see also explanation: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000431.htm
see also image: http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/rheumatoid- arthritis
see also image: http://www.radiologyteacher.com/index.cgi
comment: Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term disease. It leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It can also affect other organs. RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men. Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA. It is much less common than osteoarthritis, which is a condition that occurs in many people due to wear and tear on the joints as they age. There is no known prevention. Smoking cigarettes appears to worsen RA, so it is important to avoid tobacco. Proper early treatment can help prevent further joint damage.

Salt craving
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Sarcoidosis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Systemic autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Chest pain
has symptom: Dry cough
has symptom: Dry eyes
has symptom: Dry mouth
has symptom: Fatigue
has symptom: Fever
has symptom: Granuloma formation
has symptom: Hair loss
has symptom: Headache
has symptom: Joint pain
has symptom: Nose bleed
has symptom: Shortness of breath
has symptom: Skin rash
has symptom: Vision loss
has symptom: Weight loss
is diagnosed by: Biopsy
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is treated by: Azathioprine
is treated by: Corticosteroid
is treated by: Cyclophosphamide
is treated by: Methotrexate
see also explanation: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301914-overview
see also explanation: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/sarcoidosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx
see also image: http://blog.mallinckrodt.com/mallinckrodt-supports-sarcoidosis-awareness- campaign/
see also image: http://www.thinkstockphotos.ae/image/stock-illustration-sarcoidosis-signs- and-symptoms/484916038
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: Sarcoidosis is a disease in which inflammation occurs in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, eyes, skin, or other tissues.This disease most commonly influences the lungs. The disease is more common in African Americans and Caucasians of Scandinavian heritage. More women than men have the disease. The disease often begins between ages 20 and 40. Sarcoidosis is rare in young children.

Schirmer test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test
comment: This test informs the doctor about the ability of saliva production by the patient.

Scleroderma antibody testing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Sensitivity to sunlight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Shaking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Short height
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Shortness of breath
type: NamedIndividual
type: Breathing symptom

Sigmoidoscopy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Sjögren´s syndrome
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dermatologic autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Dry eyes
has symptom: Dry mouth
has symptom: Fatigue
has symptom: Fever
has symptom: Hoarseness
has symptom: Itching eyes
has symptom: Joint pain
has symptom: Loss of sense of taste
has symptom: Problems with speaking
has symptom: Stringy saliva
has symptom: Swollen glands
is characterised by: Presence of rheumatoid factor
is diagnosed by: Biopsy
is diagnosed by: Examination of eyes
is diagnosed by: Schirmer test
is treated by: Artificial tears
is treated by: Enbrel
is treated by: Humira
is treated by: Remicaide
see also explanation: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332125-overview
see also explanation: http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/sjogrens_syndrome/sjogrens_syndrome_ff.asp
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000456.htm
see also image: http://www.medicalmarijuanainc.com/sjogrens-syndrome-medical-marijuana-research-overview/
see also image: http://www.sjogrens.org/home/about-sjogrens/symptoms
see also image: https://www.netterimages.com/sjogrens-syndrome-labeled-rheumatology-frank-h-netter-49450.html
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: Sjögren syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which the glands that produce tears and saliva are eliminated. This causes dry mouth and eyes. The condition may affect other parts of the body, including the kidneys and lungs. The syndrome occurs most often in women ages 40 to 50. It is rare in children.

Skin creams
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Skin rash
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Sleep difficulty
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mental symptom

Sores on fingertips
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Sores on toes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Sores on tongue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Speech therapy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Steroid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Stiffness of skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Stomach pain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Stress avoiding
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Stringy saliva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Surgery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Sweating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Swelling in eyes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Swelling of fingers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Swelling of joints
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Swollen glands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Swollen lymph nodes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Syphilis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Systemic autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Abnormal hearth rhythms
has symptom: Chest pain
has symptom: Difficulties during breathing
has symptom: Hair loss
has symptom: Headache
has symptom: Mouth sores
has symptom: Nausea
has symptom: Sensitivity to sunlight
has symptom: Skin rash
has symptom: Swollen lymph nodes
is characterised by: Presence of autoantibodies in blood
is treated by: Azathioprine
is treated by: Ciclosporin
is treated by: Corticoid
is treated by: Cyclophosphamide
see also explanation: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332244-overview
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000435.htm
see also image: http://conditions.healthgrove.com/l/988/Systemic-Lupus-Erythematosus
synonym: Butterfly rash-SLE
synonym: Discoid lupus
comment: In this disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs. SLE is more common in women than men. It may occur at any age. However, it appears most often in people between the ages of 15 and 44. The disease affects African Americans and Asians more often than people from other races.

Systemic scleroderma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Systemic autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Difficulties during swallowing
has symptom: Joint pain
has symptom: Numbness in feet
has symptom: Shortness of breath
has symptom: Swelling of fingers
has symptom: Swelling of joints
has symptom: Wheezing
is characterised by: Presence of rheumatoid factor
is diagnosed by: Biopsy
is diagnosed by: Blood test
is diagnosed by: CT scanning
is diagnosed by: Checking of blood pressure
is diagnosed by: Echocardiogram
is diagnosed by: Electrocardiogram
is diagnosed by: Hearth muscle test
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is diagnosed by: Scleroderma antibody testing
is diagnosed by: Urine test
is diagnosed by: X-ray of chest
is treated by: Corticosteroid
is treated by: Methotrexate
is treated by: Mycophenolate
see also explanation: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331864-overview
see also explanation: http://www.scleroderma.org/site/PageNavigator/patients_whatis.html#.V9qfGTXRyao
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000429.htm
see also image: http://healthlifemedia.com/healthy/what-is-scleroderma/
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: May affect large areas of skin and organs such as the heart, lungs, or kidneys. There are two main types: limited disease (CREST syndrome) and diffuse disease.

Test of white blood cell count
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test
comment: A complete blood count (CBC) can help diagnose e. g. the anemia and offer some hints to the type and cause of the problem. Important parts of the CBC include red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit.

Thyroid hormone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause
comment: Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is due to an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone.

Tightnesss of skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Skin symptom

Too little sunlight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Too much sunlight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Toxin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Toxoplasmosis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease

Tuberculosis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Disease

Tumor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Type 1 diabetes mellitus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Endocrinological autoimmune disease
has cause: Unknown cause
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Being hungry
has symptom: Being thirsty
has symptom: Blurry eyesight
has symptom: Dry mouth
has symptom: Dry skin
has symptom: Fruity breath odor
has symptom: Headache
has symptom: High blood sugar
has symptom: Low blood sugar
has symptom: Nervousness
has symptom: Numbness in feet
has symptom: Rapid breathing
has symptom: Shaking
has symptom: Stomach pain
has symptom: Sweating
has symptom: Urinating more often
has symptom: Weakness
is diagnosed by: Blood test
is diagnosed by: Ketone testing
is diagnosed by: Physical exam
is treated by: Daily homecare
is treated by: Exercise
is treated by: Healthy eating
is treated by: Insulin
see also explanation: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000305.htm
see also explanation: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/type-1-diabetes
see also image: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp
see also image: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000305.htm
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
comment: Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there is a high level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. It is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents or young adults.

Unknown cause
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Unknown prevention
type: NamedIndividual
type: Prevention

Urinating more often
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bladder symptom

Urine test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Uveitis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Ocular autoimmune disease
has cause: Infection
has cause: Toxin
has prevention: Unknown prevention
has symptom: Blurry eyesight
has symptom: Dark spots in vision
has symptom: Eye pain
has symptom: Sensitivity to sunlight
is diagnosed by: Eye exam
is diagnosed by: Magnetic resonance
is treated by: Dark glasses
is treated by: Eye drop
occurs with: AIDS
occurs with: Psoriasis
occurs with: Sarcoidosis
occurs with: Syphilis
occurs with: Toxoplasmosis
occurs with: Tuberculosis
see also explanation: http://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-uveitis
see also explanation: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uveitis/basics/definition/con-20026602
see also explanation: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001005.htm
see also explanation: https://nei.nih.gov/health/uveitis/uveitis
see also image: http://infodiseases.com/early-detection-of-uveitis-causes-and-symptoms-help-you-save-your-eyes.html
see also image: http://patient.info/health/uveitis-leaflet
see also image: http://www.eyespecialists.co.nz/amblyopia-lazy-eye-2-2-2-11/
see also image: http://www.mahaveereyehospital.com/uveitis-treatment-in-pune/
see also video: https://www.youtube.com/watch
synonym: Chorioretinitis
synonym: Iritis
comment: Uveitis is caused by inflammatory response inside the eye. Inflammation is the body's natural response to tissue damage. It produces swelling, redness and heat. Uveitis may be caused by an attack from the body's own immune system (autoimmunity), infections or tumours occurring within the eye or in other parts of the body or by injury to the eye. Uveitis is swelling and irritation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. The uvea provides most of the blood supply to the retina. It is most common in young and middle-aged people. Uveitis has no standard treatment regimen. Usually, the initial course of management is a stepwise approach starting with cycloplegics and corticosteroid drops to control pain and reduce inflammation. Progression to immunosuppressive agents may be necessary after consideration of the baseline etiology; however, this progression would be initiated by a primary care physician in consultation with an ophthalmologist after including physician and patient factors, which are beyond the scope of this review.

Virus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cause

Vision loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Eye symptom

Vitamin A
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Vitamin B12
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Vitamin B12-based test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Vitamin D
type: NamedIndividual
type: Medication

Vitamin D-based test
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test

Vomiting
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Weakness
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Weakness in arms
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Weakness in legs
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Weakness of voluntary muscles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Muscle symptom

Weight loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Wheezing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

White lumps beneath skin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

X-ray of chest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Test